‏ Romans 2:17

 Bearest the name ( επονομαζη ). Present passive indicative in condition of first class of  επονομαζω, old word, to put a name upon ( επ ), only here in N.T. "Thou art surnamed Jew" (Lightfoot). Jew as opposed to Greek denoted nationality while Hebrew accented the idea of language.

 Restest upon the law ( επαναπαυη νομω ). Late and rare double compound, in LXX and once in the Didache. In N.T. only here and Lu 10:6 which see. It means to lean upon, to refresh oneself back upon anything, here with locative case ( νομω ). It is the picture of blind and mechanical reliance on the Mosaic law.

 Gloriest in God ( καυχασα εν θεω ). Koine vernacular form for  καυχα ( καυχαεσαι, καυχασα ) of  καυχαομα as in verse 23; 1Co 4:7 and  κατακαυχασα in Ro 11:18. The Jew gloried in God as a national asset and private prerogative (2Co 10:15; Ga 6:13).

 Approvest the things that are excellent ( δοκιμαζεις τα διαφεροντα ). Originally, "Thou testest the things that differ," and then as a result comes the approval for the excellent things. As in Php 1:10 it is difficult to tell which stage of the process Paul has in mind.

 Instructed out of the law ( κατηχουμενος εκ του νομου ). Present passive participle of  κατηχεω, a rare verb to instruct, though occurring in the papyri for legal instruction. See on Lu 1:4; 1Co 14:19. The Jew's "ethical discernment was the fruit of catechetical and synagogical instruction in the Old Testament" (Shedd).

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